{"id":7854,"date":"2014-01-10T10:32:59","date_gmt":"2014-01-10T15:32:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/?p=7854"},"modified":"2014-01-10T10:32:59","modified_gmt":"2014-01-10T15:32:59","slug":"fresh-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/?p=7854","title":{"rendered":"FRESH WATER"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>People have been saying for years that water will become more expensive than oil; and more valuable. The signals have been here for a long time. \u00a0Most of the population either chooses not to acknowledge the impending problem and are willing to &#8220;kick the can down the road&#8221; or truly ignorant of the problem.<\/p>\n<p>Following the 1968 Transatlantic race, the longest I ever sailed; I returned home in late July and needed to find a summer job before returning to school. I did find a job, on a boat that could not keep help. It was a powerboat, 55 foot Chris Craft. The water tanks held over 500 gallons. On the weekends, tied to the dock I simply had the hose in the fill port turned on and could barely keep up with the consumption. \u00a0It was the first shocking revelation of \u00a0total disregard of water use. \u00a0Remember I had just returned from 27 days at sea on a sailboat with a crew of 8 on which we used under 100 gallons of water.<\/p>\n<p>check out : Peter McBride <a href=\"http:\/\/petemcbride.com\/VIDEO\/chasing-water\/1\/\">&#8220;Chasing Water&#8221;<\/a><\/p>\n<header>\n<div>\n<h1 itemprop=\"headline\">Colorado River Drought Forces a Painful Reckoning for States<\/h1>\n<div>\n<p>By\u00a0<a title=\"More Articles by MICHAEL WINES\" href=\"http:\/\/topics.nytimes.com\/top\/reference\/timestopics\/people\/w\/michael_wines\/index.html\" rel=\"author\">MICHAEL WINES<\/a><time datetime=\"2014-01-05\">JAN. 5, 2014<\/time><\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div>\n<figure itemid=\"http:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2014\/01\/06\/us\/jp-COLORADO-1\/jp-COLORADO-1-master675.jpg\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" data-media-action=\"modal\">\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" itemid=\"http:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2014\/01\/06\/us\/jp-COLORADO-1\/jp-COLORADO-1-master675.jpg\" itemprop=\"url\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2014\/01\/06\/us\/jp-COLORADO-1\/jp-COLORADO-1-master675.jpg\" data-mediaviewer-src=\"http:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2014\/01\/06\/us\/jp-COLORADO-1\/jp-COLORADO-1-superJumbo.jpg\" data-mediaviewer-caption=\"To help the Colorado, federal authorities this year will for the first time reduce the water flow into Lake Mead, the nation&amp;rsquo;s largest reservoir, created by Hoover Dam.\" data-mediaviewer-credit=\"Jim Wilson\/The New York Times\" \/><\/p>\n<div>Launch media viewer<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption itemprop=\"description\">To help the Colorado, federal authorities this year will for the first time reduce the water flow into Lake Mead, the nation\u2019s largest reservoir, created by Hoover Dam.\u00a0Jim Wilson\/The New York Times<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sharetools-story\" data-shares=\"email|email,facebook,twitter,save,show-all|more,ad\" data-url=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/01\/06\/us\/colorado-river-drought-forces-a-painful-reckoning-for-states.html\" data-title=\"Colorado River Drought Forces a Painful Reckoning for States\" data-description=\"Drought and population growth are driving a reassessment of how the 1,450-mile Colorado, the Southwest\u2019s only major river, can continue to slake the thirst of one of the nation\u2019s fastest-growing regions.\" data-publish-date=\"Jan. 5, 2014\">\n<div id=\"Frame4A\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"MiddleRight\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"192\" data-total-count=\"192\">LAKE MEAD, Nev. \u2014 The sinuous Colorado River and its slew of man-made reservoirs from the Rockies to southern Arizona are being sapped by 14 years of drought nearly unrivaled in 1,250 years.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"450\" data-total-count=\"642\">The once broad and blue river has in many places dwindled to a murky brown trickle. Reservoirs have shrunk to less than half their capacities, the canyon walls around them ringed with white mineral deposits where water once lapped. Seeking to stretch their allotments of the river, regional water agencies are recycling sewage effluent, offering rebates to tear up grass lawns and subsidizing less thirsty appliances from dishwashers to shower heads.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"167\" data-total-count=\"809\">But many experts believe the current drought is only the harbinger of a new, drier era in which the Colorado\u2019s flow will be substantially and permanently diminished.<\/p>\n<aside data-marginalia-type=\"sprinkled\">\n<header>\n<h2>RELATED COVERAGE<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<article>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2014\/01\/06\/us\/southwests-water-supply-1388966480889\/southwests-water-supply-1388966480889-thumbStandard.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<div>graphic<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Graphic: Southwest\u2019s Dwindling Water Supply<time datetime=\"2014-01-05\">JAN. 5, 2014<\/time><\/h2>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<article>\n<h2>\u00a0videoVideo: Bringing Back the Delta (April 15, 2013)<\/h2>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/aside>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"362\" data-total-count=\"1171\">Faced with the shortage, federal authorities this year will for the first time decrease the amount of water that flows into Lake Mead, the nation\u2019s largest reservoir, from Lake Powell 180 miles upstream. That will reduce even more the level of Lake Mead, a crucial source of water for cities from Las Vegas to Los Angeles and for millions of acres of farmland.<\/p>\n<figure itemid=\"http:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2014\/01\/06\/us\/ALT-jp-COLORADO-2\/ALT-jp-COLORADO-2-articleLarge.jpg\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" data-media-action=\"modal\">\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" itemid=\"http:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2014\/01\/06\/us\/ALT-jp-COLORADO-2\/ALT-jp-COLORADO-2-articleLarge.jpg\" itemprop=\"url\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2014\/01\/06\/us\/ALT-jp-COLORADO-2\/ALT-jp-COLORADO-2-articleLarge.jpg\" data-mediaviewer-src=\"http:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2014\/01\/06\/us\/ALT-jp-COLORADO-2\/ALT-jp-COLORADO-2-superJumbo.jpg\" data-mediaviewer-caption=\"A connector will link the existing water infrastructure to a tunnel being built under Lake Mead.\" data-mediaviewer-credit=\"Jim Wilson\/The New York Times\" \/><\/p>\n<div>Launch media viewer<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption itemprop=\"description\">A connector will link the existing water infrastructure to a tunnel being built under Lake Mead.\u00a0Jim Wilson\/The New York Times<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"160\" data-total-count=\"1331\">Reclamation officials say there is a 50-50 chance that by 2015, Lake Mead\u2019s water will be rationed to states downstream. That, too, has never happened before.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"292\" data-total-count=\"1623\">\u201cIf Lake Mead goes below elevation 1,000\u201d \u2014 1,000 feet above sea level \u2014 \u201cwe lose any capacity to pump water to serve the municipal needs of seven in 10 people in the state of Nevada,\u201d said John Entsminger, the senior deputy general manager of the Southern Nevada Water Authority.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"494\" data-total-count=\"2117\">Since 2008, Mr. Entsminger\u2019s agency has been drilling an $817 million tunnel under Lake Mead \u2014 a third attempt to capture more water as two higher tunnels have become threatened by the lake\u2019s falling level. In September, faced with the prospect that one of the tunnels could run dry before the third one was completed, the authority took emergency measures: still another tunnel, this one to stretch the life of the most threatened intake until construction of the third one is finished.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"482\" data-total-count=\"2599\">These new realities are forcing a profound reassessment of how the 1,450-mile Colorado, the Southwest\u2019s only major river, can continue to slake the thirst of one of the nation\u2019s fastest-growing regions. Agriculture, from California\u2019s Imperial Valley to Wyoming\u2019s cattle herds, soaks up about three-quarters of its water, and produces 15 percent of the nation\u2019s food. But 40 million people also depend on the river and its tributaries, and their numbers are rising rapidly.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"336\" data-total-count=\"2935\">The labyrinthine rules by which the seven Colorado states share the river\u2019s water are rife with potential points of conflict. And while some states have made huge strides in conserving water \u2014 and even reducing the amount they consume \u2014 they have yet to chart a united path through shortages that could last years or even decades.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"335\" data-total-count=\"3270\">\u201cThere is no planning for a continuation of the drought we\u2019ve had,\u201d said one expert on the Colorado\u2019s woes, who asked not to be identified to preserve his relationship with state officials. \u201cThere\u2019s always been within the current planning an embedded hope that somehow, things would return to something more like normal.\u201d<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"95\" data-total-count=\"3365\">Unfortunately, the Colorado during most of Lake Mead\u2019s 78-year history was not normal at all.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"517\" data-total-count=\"3882\">Studies now show that the 20th century was one of the three wettest of the last 13 centuries in the Colorado basin. On average, the Colorado\u2019s flow over that period was actually 15 percent lower than in the 1900s. And most experts agree that the basin will get even drier:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00228.1\">A brace of global-warming studies\u00a0<\/a>concludes that rising temperatures will reduce the Colorado\u2019s average flow after 2050 by five to 35 percent, even if rainfall remains the same \u2014 and most of those studies predict that rains will diminish.<\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"128\" data-total-count=\"4010\">Already, the drought is upending many of the assumptions on which water barons relied when they tamed the Colorado in the 1900s.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"241\" data-total-count=\"4251\">The Colorado basin states tried in the 1920s to stave off future fights over water by splitting it, 50-50, between the upper-basin states of Utah, New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming and the lower-basin states of Arizona, Nevada and California.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"215\" data-total-count=\"4466\">In fact, the deal underestimated how much water the fast-growing lower-basin states would need. During most of the wet 20th century, however, the river usually produced more than enough water to offset any shortage.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"59\" data-total-count=\"4525\">Now, the gap between need and supply is becoming untenable.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"405\" data-total-count=\"4930\">Lake Mead currently stands about 1,106 feet above sea level, and is expected to drop 20 feet in 2014. A continued decline would introduce a new set of problems: At 1,075 feet, rationing begins; at 1,050 feet, a more drastic rationing regime kicks in, and the uppermost water intake for Las Vegas shuts down. At 1,025 feet, rationing grows more draconian; at 1,000 feet, a second Las Vegas intake runs dry.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"134\" data-total-count=\"5064\">Lake Powell is another story. There, a 100-foot drop would shut down generators that supply enough electricity to power 350,000 homes.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"181\" data-total-count=\"5245\">The federal Bureau of Reclamation\u2019s 24-month forecasts of water levels at Powell and Mead do not contemplate such steep declines. But neither did they foresee the current drought.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"266\" data-total-count=\"5511\">\u201cWe can\u2019t depend on history to project the future anymore,\u201d Carly Jerla, a geological hydrologist and the reclamation bureau\u2019s Colorado River expert, said in an interview. The drought could end tomorrow, she said \u2014 or it could drag on for seven more years.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"69\" data-total-count=\"5580\">That raises questions that the states are just beginning to sort out.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"306\" data-total-count=\"5886\">The river\u2019s upper-basin states are worried that they might have to curb their consumption to meet their obligations downstream. But the thorniest problems are in the lower basin, where a thicket of political and legal deals has left Arizona holding the bag should the Colorado River continue to diminish.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"402\" data-total-count=\"6288\">In the 1960s, California\u2019s legislators demanded first dibs on lower-basin water as a condition of supporting federal legislation to build the\u00a0<a title=\"Project\u2019s Web site\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cap-az.com\/\">Central Arizona Project<\/a>, a vast web of canals irrigating that state\u2019s farms and cities. Should rationing begin in 2015, Arizona would sacrifice a comparatively small fraction of its Colorado River allotment, while California\u2019s supply would remain intact.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"187\" data-total-count=\"6475\">Painful as that would be, though, it could get worse: Should Mead continue to fall, Arizona would lose more than half of its Colorado River water before California lost so much as a drop.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"305\" data-total-count=\"6780\">That would have a cascading effect. The Central Arizona Project would lose revenue it gets from selling water, which would raise the price of water to remaining customers, leading farmers to return to pumping groundwater for irrigation \u2014 exactly what the Central Arizona Project was supposed to prevent.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"201\" data-total-count=\"6981\">\u201cBy going back to the pumps, you\u2019ll have made the decision that agriculture will no longer be an industry in central Arizona,\u201d David Modeer, the project\u2019s general manager, said in an interview.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"467\" data-total-count=\"7448\">Even Californians doubt Arizona would stand for that, but no successor to the 1960s agreement is in place. And California has a vital interest in holding on to its full allotment of water. The Southern California region using Colorado water is expected to add six million people to the existing 19 million in the next 45 years, and its other water source \u2014 the Sierra Nevada to the north \u2014 is suffering the same drought and climate problems as the Colorado basin.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"413\" data-total-count=\"7861\">\u201cThe basic blueprint of our plan calls for a reliable foundation that we then build upon, and that reliable foundation is the Colorado River and Northern California water,\u201d said Jeffrey Kightlinger, the general manager of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. \u201cTo the extent we lose one of those supplies, I don\u2019t know that there is enough technology and new supplies to replace them.\u201d<\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<div id=\"SponLinkA\">\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"266\" data-total-count=\"8127\">There may be ways to live with a permanently drier Colorado, but none of them are easy. Finding more water is possible \u2014 San Diego is already building a desalination plant on the Pacific shore \u2014 but there are too few sources to make a serious dent in a shortage.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"306\" data-total-count=\"8433\">That leaves conservation, a tack the lower-basin states already are pursuing. Arizona farmers reduce runoff, for example,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.visityuma.com\/agritourism.html\">by using laser technology to ensure that their fields are table flat<\/a>. The state consumes essentially as much water today as in 1955, even as its population has grown nearly twelvefold.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"270\" data-total-count=\"8703\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mwdh2o.com\/mwdh2o\/pages\/yourwater\/SB60\/SB60_2013.pdf\">Working to reduce water consumption<\/a>\u00a0by 20 percent per person from 2010 to 2020, Southern California\u2019s Metropolitan Water District is recycling sewage effluent, giving away high-efficiency water nozzles and subsidizing items like artificial turf and zero-water urinals.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"403\" data-total-count=\"9106\">Southern Nevada\u2019s water-saving measures are in some ways most impressive of all: Virtually all water used indoors, from home dishwashers to the toilets and bathtubs used by the 40 million tourists who visit Las Vegas each year, is treated and returned to Lake Mead. Officials here boast that everyone could take a 20-minute shower every day without increasing the city\u2019s water consumption by a drop.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"146\" data-total-count=\"9252\">Moreover, an intensive conservation program slashed the region\u2019s water consumption from 2002 to 2012, even as the area added 400,000 residents.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"133\" data-total-count=\"9385\">Even after those measures, federal officials say, much greater conservation is possible. Local officials say they have little choice.<\/p>\n<p itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-para-count=\"236\" data-total-count=\"9621\">\u201cThe era of big water transfers is either over, or it\u2019s rapidly coming to an end,\u201d said Mr. Entsminger, the southern Nevada water official. \u201cIt sure looks like in the 21st century, we\u2019re all going to have to use less water.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>People have been saying for years that water will become more expensive than oil; and more valuable. The signals have been here for a long time. \u00a0Most of the population either chooses not to acknowledge the impending problem and are willing to &#8220;kick the can down the road&#8221; or truly ignorant of the problem. Following &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/?p=7854\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">FRESH WATER<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1814,322,1024,233,865,74,828],"tags":[1918,1290],"class_list":["post-7854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-agriculture","category-earth-day","category-food","category-los-angeles","category-nature","category-stephen-lirakis","category-water","tag-colorado-river","tag-fresh-water"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7854","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7854"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7854\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7855,"href":"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7854\/revisions\/7855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7854"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7854"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stephenlirakis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7854"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}